Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP): symbolic icon for the nuclear power option in the Philippines

Note: This photo-essay appeared in the 13-19 March 2015 edition of FilAm Star, 'the newspaper for Filipinos in mainstream America' published in San Francisco, CA. The author/blogger is the Manila-based Special News/Photo Correspondent of the said weekly.

The mothballed Bataan nuclear power plant.

After 26 years, I walked down the Bataan nuclear facility last week. A walk down was a regular routine as a health physicist there until 1988 when I decided to join the risk management department at the National Power Corporation home office in Quezon City.

A fellow ex-nuke worker from Canada was here for a visit, and we both took the chance to renew acquaintance with the BNPP, and nothing could beat walking down the well-preserved spick-and-span reactor, steam generator, and auxiliary buildings.  We tarried for sometime inside the main control room, which has remained as it was many years ago. Deja vu! We felt the excitement of visitors when they cross the double hatchway to get a view of the reactor, among other things, at the reactor pool. This is an experience they would not get in an operating nuclear facility.

Throwback:  it was Philippine Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) until August 1992 when President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 13 renaming it the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP).

We recalled getting systems and procedures ready to implement the radiation exposure management program once the fuel assemblies got loaded to the core. Actually, that program went in place as soon as the nuclear fuel arrived in 1984 at the international airport, transported by land, and deposited at the plant in Napot Point, Morong town in Bataan province.  

Scale model of BNPP.

Radiation monitoring continued even if the plant did not operate until the unused nuclear fuel was sold to Siemens and shipped out on 15 December 1997. After that date, the facility was nuclear in name only; it became a non-nuclear facility.

BNPP, located at the tip of a 389-hectare government reservation at Napot Point, was a 620MW Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant built by Westinghouse.   It was designed to withstand a postulated earthquake of intensity 8 in the Richter Scale (or ground acceleration value of 0.4G).  Since it is 18 meters above sea level ground elevation, the site is well-protected against tidal waves and tsunamis. 

Construction started in March 1976. It was almost complete in 1984 and all the equipment and systems had passed the hot functional tests.  Core loading was eagerly anticipated. But EDSA 1 changed all that. In November 1986, the Cory administration decided to mothball the plant and designated NPC as caretaker.

Through the years, there had been discourses on the “the conversion of BNPP into alternative utilization” both for energy and non-energy purposes.

 In May 1993, for example, President Ramos directed the secretary of energy “to consider only non-nuclear options for the operation of the BNPP” considering the results of a study on the “repair, upgrade and operation of BNPP as a nuclear power plant as proposed by Westinghouse.”  He reiterated this position in 1997 when other conversion proposals were studied.

In 2008, upon the request of the Philippine government, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) deployed a team of experts “to counsel ... on the practicalities of revitalizing the plant.” Akira Omoto, Director of the IAEA´s Division of Nuclear Power and leader of that mission, explained that the Philippine “has to assess what the new licensing requirements should be, how to modernize the two-decades old technology to current standards, and how to confirm that all aspects of the plant will function properly and safely. It is not the IAEA´s role to state whether the plant is usable or not, or how much it will cost to rehabilitate."

 

The hatchway door to the nuclear reactor (left); a view of moderating rods at the nuclear pool (right).

The other issue is if there is a discussion on the nuclear option in the power development program in the country.  Apparently, there is.  Mauro L. Marcelo, Jr., NPC’s asset preservation manager, informed that a multi-agency nuclear energy group headed by the secretary of energy has been created to study the nuclear option but so far this has not issued any official pronouncements.   Marcelo, who was also with BNPP before, thinks that nuclear power may come around 2030 just like in our ASEAN neighbors: Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.

In 2008, BNPP was opened to the public as part of the government’s information, education and communication program on nuclear power.  It is almost a tourist site except that the visitors are largely students who come by the busloads for an educational tour of the facility.

Marcelo said that former Congressman Mark Cojuangco, a strong advocate of nuclear power, brings students and other groups to the site and he himself conducts the thorough briefings on the BNPP story vis-a-vis the nuclear option.

 

The preserved control room (left); the turbine, which is turned regularly (right).

This reminds that the Nuclear Power Steering Committee (NPSC), in its final report to President Fidel Ramos in 1998, emphasized the prominence of public education and information in building the climate of public acceptance of the nuclear option. The committee, composed of Cabinet secretaries and the head of the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), was created to “provide policies, direction, monitoring, evaluation, and other functions necessary ...  to attain “the objectives of the overall Nuclear Power Program of the country.”

Aside from public information and information, recommendations of the NPSC came from various studies like nuclear manpower development and siting, among others.  These remain relevant until today. New studies will takeoff from these.

Regarding nuclear manpower, the NPSC reported, “Assuming that the first nuclear plant will come on line in 2021 with a lead time of 15 years for the planning, pre-construction and construction phases (meaning, the project will start in 2006), there is a need for slow but calculated build-up of the manpower base using young engineers and technologists.”  This means that a timetable for manpower training has to be mapped in any proposed nuclear power program.

From the siting study, ten candidate sites of a new nuclear power plant were submitted to President Ramos  in January 1996: five in Luzon, three in the Visayas and two in Mindanao. There was a preliminary assessment of candidate sites in Cagayan, Negros and Palawan.  The presentation did not immediately evoke the expected outroar. The delayed reaction came later through resolutions espousing nuclear-free sentiments from concerned groups in Central Visayas, Negros Oriental and Palawan.

Siting parameters considered were safety and non-safety aspects.  Geology, population,  meteorogical, climatological and environmental aspects were safety considerations. Some non-safety aspects studied were socio-cultural, military and security, economics of transmission, site development and transportation access, and political factors. Others that were studied included average population density, water supply, land use, siltation/erosion, and security against volcanic events.

The cove west of BNPP has been converted into a resort facility aptly called West Nuk Beach.

 

 For sure, the future Philippine Nuclear Power Plant will be giant issue to hurdle considering the long campaign for public acceptance especially by the population in the host town or province.  Eventually, the siting consideration boils down to nuclear security, safety and safeguards.

Two young voices: protest and celebration

Note: This photo-essay appeared in a slightly different format in the 05-11 December 2014 issue of FilAm Star, the weekly 'newspaper for Filipinos in mainstream America', published in San Francisco, CA. This author/blogger is the Special News/Photo Correspondent in the Philippines of the paper.

Protest. We listened to the voice of protest from young Manobos during two occasions: the Manilakbayan ng Mindanao Para sa Pagkain at Kapayapaan demonstration at Gate 2 of Camp Aguinaldo on 26 November, and the Annual Honoring of Martyrs and Heroes at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Center two days later.

According to reports, the Manilakbayan, a contingent of around 800 peasants, indigenous peoples and urban poor from Mindanao, travelled by foot and by caravan for 14 days, and arrived in Metro Manila on 21 November. 

Young Manobo girls in the Manilakbayan rally.

They are here to inform the public of the human rights situation in the different regions of Mindanao, and to press for action on their urgent demands for food and peace there.  They will be here for protect actions until 10 December, International Human Rights Day.

The young Manobos, who are of high school age, explained that they are from the federation of villages called Salugpungan Ta Tanu Igkanugon, which means “unity in defense of ancestral land”, specifically from Talaingod, Davao del Norte.   One of them is a young datu, which is explained by his beaded head covering.

“We want green farmlands,” one protest placard read, “not the [green] camouflage uniform of the soldiers.”  They want the military to stop camping in their schools and communities.   They’ve added their voices to the call to resist Oplan Bayanihan, the counterinsurgency program of the government aimed at all the internal security threats to the nation being implemented by the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

“Save our Schools” is their urgent call. They explained that ever since army troops occupied their Salugpungan Ta Tanu Igkanugon Learning Center (STTILC), they have stopped schooling.  They stressed that “Edukasyon ang aming kailangan, hindi mga sundalo sa aming eskwelahan (education is what we need, not soldiers in our school).”

Presentation of grievances using Manobo cultural

forms: chant and dance.

The young Talaingod Manobos have learned to draw public attention to the plight of their lumad through theatrical presentations, which incorporate elements from their traditional culture, on the street and on stage.

In the 26 November rally, for example, they dipped their feet in a thick blood-red liquid before doing a traditional round dance at the conclusion of the program. 

At the Bantayog ng mga Bayani, they recited, chanted and presented in dance the violation of their human rights using both their traditional cultural and the modern theatrical idioms.  They presented in song and dance the diaspora of the Manobos from their ancestral domains, harassment of women and killings that they attribute to the militarization of their villages.

Some social media reporters posted pictures of mass actions in Liwasang Bonifacio and Mendiola to commemorate Bonifacio Day. The Manillakbayan contingent participated too and the young Manobos in their traditional attire also used this protest platform to call attention to their demands.

The battle is for the hearts and minds of Filipinos in the countryside, which include indigenous peoples comprising diverse ethno-linguistic groups. In Mindanao, the ancestral lands of the lumads like the Manobos are in the mineable forested mountainous areas. Displacement from their homes breeds contempt for authorities because they attribute this to the protection of vested interests of big business, local and foreign, like the mining companies, who are thought to be after the rich mineral resources there.

Manobo round dance with feet dipped in blood-red liquid.

The AFP Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) dated 2010 with an implementation timeframe until 2016, available from the internet, includes military environment as one of the ‘significant characteristics of the area of operations’.

 “The greatest hindrance to stronger civilian-military cooperation,” it says, “is the continued perception of human rights violations allegedly committed by military personnel. Also needing to be addressed are perceptions and allegations that some misguided members of the military are embroiled in political and even parochial concerns in localities they are assigned to.”

How the military carries out the IPSP’s strategic courses of actions should overcome these negative perceptions and eventually win the hearts and minds of people in their areas of operation.

Celebration. The date was 30 November, the 151st anniversary of Andres Bonifacio.  It was also the Annual Pawikan Festival, the ninth since its inception in 2006, in barangay Nagbalayong in Morong, Bataan.

Body painting competition with pawikan as motif.

The village was in fiesta mood and the majority of celebrators were young. There were no protest banners, no demonstration, nothing political. There was a parade that ended at the celebration venue, the pawikan conservation center where turtle eggs are re-nested for hatching. The center has released about 70,000 hatchlings through the years. During the opening program, the provincial governor spoke of environment protection, in general, and the pawikan conservation, in particular, in relation to the Bataan economic development plan. 

A very well-trained choral group of Ayta schoolchildren from Abucay town sang the national anthem and another musical number during the opening program.

Well-trained choral group of Ayta schoolchildren of Abucay, Bataan

There were twelve contingents of elementary and high school students in colorful costumes for the street dancing competition with the theme of pawikan conservation.  Some groups were garbed as marine turtles and danced the ritual of laying eggs. There were poachers too who come to steal them for the market and the dining table, but their efforts are thwarted by the protectors who collect them for the hatching in the conservation center.

Streetdancing with pawikan conservation as choreographic theme.

While the street dancing was going on, another competition was in progress: body painting with marine turtles again as motif. Young ladies served as the canvasses of the artists.

It was evident that environmental protection and pawikan conservation has become part of the consciousness of the young citizenry of Bataan province. In this instance, they understand why it is important to protect an endangered wildlife species.

Protest and celebration -- two diverse portraits of young Filipinos today: the young Manobos representing the youth participants in street parliaments, and the young from Bataan representing those who declare their advocacy for other causes through street dancing. May lasting peace be achieved within their lifetimes.