Philippine dignitaries in the history of New York's ticker-tape parades

It's not a tourist attraction in New York City: the series of granite plaques inlaid into the sidewalks on both sides of the city's most famous Broadway Avenue. These bear names and dates inscribed in steel, which I later learned to be the honorees of the New York ticker-tape parades through the years from 1886 to the latest in July 2015.

Granite panel commemorating ticker-tape parade for Pres. Carlos P. Garcia.

Coming from the 9/11 National Memorial, this plaque caught my interest on my way to lunch: "June 23, 1958. Carlos P. Garcia, President of the Philippines" (all caps). Later, I found out what this and the others were all about; the plaque on the sidewalk of 1 Broadway says that "These granite panels commemorate the New York tradition of ticker-tape parades up Broadway from the Battery to City Hall. This celebrated route is called the Canyon of Heroes [all caps]."

The commemorative markers were embedded in 2004 in chronological order starting from the southernmost point of the Canyon (across the Bowling Green with the popular Charging Bull sculpture and the Museum of American Indians nearby) up to the Woolworth Building.

The first ticker-tape parade happened on 28 October 1886 when the Statue of Liberty was unveiled. At that time, stock brokers occupied many offices along Broadway. They had ticker-tape machines, and they relayed stock market prices using ticker-tapes. According to accounts, when the celebration parade passed by, they ripped ticker-tapes off and threw them out of the window onto the parade. The ticker-tape parade tradition thus began.

This panel explains the embedded ones on Broadway Ave. sidewalks.

The mayor of New York City  decides who to honor with a ticker tape parade. The list includes important events (landing on the moon, end of World War II, triumphs of hometown sports teams) and dignitaries (royalties, heads of states, athletes, etc.).

So far, there had been only three honorees from the Philippines;  Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines. 11 August 1949; Carlos P. Garcia, President of the Philippines. 23 June 1958; and Diosdado Macapagal, President of the Philippines. 08 October 1964.  These were during their state visits to the United States.

Commemorative panel of ticker-tape parade for Pres. Elpidio Quirino.

Commemorative panel of ticker-tape parade for Pres. Diosdado Macapagal.

As an aside, Admiral George Dewey and General Douglas MacArthur, two prominent names in the history of the Philippines as an American imperial territory, were also showered with ticker-tape in the Canyon of Heroes. Dewey's defeat of the Spanish armada in Manila Bay to MacArthur's destructive redemption of his 'I shall return' promise defined the timeline of the Americanization of the Filipino psyche.

New York welcomed him after Pres. Truman dismissed him as commander of the UN forces in Korea.

New York welcomed Dewey upon his return from Manila with a parade on 30 September 1899.   MacArthur's parade did not happen after World War II. Ticker-tape rained on him on 20 April 1951 following his dismissal 'on the grounds of insubordination' as commander of the U.N. forces in Korea by President Harry S. Truman.

The ticker-tape parades remind us of the "yellow confetti" that rained down from the business buildings in Makati after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983. These were shredded yellow pages of telephone directories thrown out of windows during the protest rallies on Ayala Avenue.

No one was honored in those "yellow confetti" rallies. They were symbols of indignation against strongman Ferdinand Marcos,

The Philippines: haven for refugees

Note: This photo-essay appeared in the 10-16 July 2015 issue of the FilAm Star, the weekly 'newspaper for Filipinos in mainstream America' published in San Franciso, CA. This author/blogger is the Manila-based special news/photo correspondent of the paper.

UNHCR’s Bernard Kerblat spoke highly of our 

“strong humanitarian tradition.”

Sometime in May this year, the Philippine government announced openness to accept thousands of Bangladeshi and Rohingya people on small boats adrift in the Andaman Sea if ever they reach our territory.  This was met, of course, with positive and adverse reactions from the public through the social media.

Bernard Kerblat, representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) submitted that, yes, the Philippines would have given them refuge if they landed on Philippine shores, recalling the country’s “strong humanitarian tradition.”

He said that eleven years before the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, we already had Commonwealth Act 613 or the Philippine Immigration Act of 1940, which authorized the president to allow aliens to come here “for humanitarian reasons.” But even before its enactment, President Manuel Quezon already gave asylum to some 1,300 European Jews in the country.   

 “We discovered that very few people are aware of what your ancestors did to welcome refugees,’’ Kerblat revealed in his lecture on “The Philippines and asylum – a historical perspective” at the National Museum, which coincided with the celebration of World Refugee Day.

About 6,000 “White Russian Refugees” evacuated from Shanghai

 to Tubabao Island, Guiuan, Eastern Samar in 1949. (Photo courtesy

 of the Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation)

“Our ancestors” were the Filipino generations from 1923 to 2000 who gave asylum to nine waves of refugees from Asia and Europe: first wave of White Russians (1923), Jews (1934-1940), Spanish Republicans (1939), Chinese (1940), the second wave of White Russians (1949-1953), Vietnamese (1975-1992), Iranians (1979), Indochinese (1980-1989), and East Timorese (2000).

The lectures was part of a series that the President Elpidio Quirino Foundation has scheduled for the year to commemorate Quirino’s 125th birthday.

Kerblat toured us into the nine waves, and focused on the second wave of White Russians who came during the watch of President Quirino. Taking them in was a challenge to the new republic because it was then in the process of recovery and reconstruction from the ravages of World War II.

Refugee children enjoying their snacks and soda. (Photo by 

Nikolai Hidchenko. Courtesy of the Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation).

“Tiempo Ruso” was the theme of the parallel commemorative exhibit, which was set up by the Qurino Foundation based on the research of Kinna Gonzalez Kwan for her graduate program at the University of Sto. Tomas. 

Kinna Kwan hails from Guiuan, Eastern Samar, and her mother is the mayor of that town. “Tiempo Ruso” is the term that Guiuan people fondly call the four years when the White Russians stayed in Tubabao Island, which belongs to the town.  The Kwan mother and daughter have started connecting with the former refugees who settled in different countries around the world.

“White Russians” has no racial connotation. It refers to those who opposed the Socialist Revolution of 1917. Those who supported were the “Reds”.

Many White Russians sought refuge in Europe and America. Many also fled to China and settled in Peking (Beijing), Tientsin (Tianjin), Harbin, and Shanghai. They were safely ensconced there until Mao Tse Tung and his liberation army started to rule over China.

Young men and women enjoying their good times at the 

Tubabao camp. (Photo by Val Sushkoff. Courtesy of the 

Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation).

The White Russians feared that they may be persecuted and possibly repatriated to the USSR. Thus, in December 1948, in their desire to flee China, the Russian Emigrants’ Association, through the International Refugee Organization (IRO), predecessor of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), sent circular letters to all the free countries seeking help and protection of their governments, relocation of White Russian employees in their firms in China to safer regions, and temporary asylum for 6,000 people.

Many countries expressed sympathies. The only country that was willing to accept them was the Philippines, the young republic under President Elpidio Quirino.

The country opened Tubabao Island for them.  The island was the receiving station for the US Naval Base in Guiuan during the Second World War.

President Quirino visited the refugee camp in October 1949. (Photo by 

Nikolai Hidchenko. Courtesy of the Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation)

When the White Russians arrived in the Tubabao aboard rusty ships crewed by Chinese prisoners, the island had turned into a jungle, and what remained were dilapidated Quonset huts of the Americans. They found some fishing families living along the beach.

The White Russians were composed of 12 national groups: Russian, Armenian, Estonian, Germans and Austrians, Turko Tatar, Romanian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Czechs and Yugoslav, Polish, Latvian, and Hungarian.  There were teachers, doctors, engineers, architects, ex-military officers, lawyers, artists, performers, and priests, among others.

With the help of Filipinos, the refugees were able to transform the jungle into a “little Russian city” comprising 14 districts with democratically-elected leaders. They had communal kitchens, power stations, Russian schools, hospital and dental clinic, arbitration court, police force and a little jail, and churches for different faiths.  They transformed the church left by the Americans into a wooden Russian Orthodox church.

As their life improved and acquired normalcy, they improvised an open air movie theater, held dance parties, poetry readings, art exhibitions, lectures and performances by acrobats and dancers; they also formed an amateur theater company and an orchestra.

Pres. Quirino was a hero to the refugees. (Photo by Nikolai 

Hidchenko. Courtesy of the Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation)

They also had to earn a living.  Some taught piano and ballet to the children of Guiuan. Thus, they became friends of local families. Through these encounters, they left a legacy in Guiuan: piano playing and dancing like ballerinas.

President Quirino visited the camp on 28 October 1949. There was something that he did that former refugees remember: he ordered the barbed-wire fence around the camp removed. To them, that was an act of acceptance, goodwill and trust.

A religious stayed with them for several months: Vladyka (Bishop) John Maximovitch, who served as their spiritual leader from Shanghai to Tubabao. People of Guiuan recall stories about him as the holy man who blessed the camp from four directions every night to ward off typhoons and other dangers. He was canonized as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in July 1994.

The White Russians were to stay only for four months. The country extended its hospitality until 1953 because of delays in the resettlement.  

A streamer of gratitude to the Philippines. (Photo by Larissa 

Krassovsky. Courtesy of Pres. Elpidio Quirino Foundation)

Living a free and contented life in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Uruguay, Surinam, USA, France and Belgium today, former refugees continue to remember Tubabao Island, and with gratefulness, the benevolent and timely response of our country to the Philippines to their plight.

From former refugee Contantine Koloboff: “Philippines did a fantastic job of being friends with us, accepting us ... to me, it was a very special time of my life. I appreciate that period, it shaped the rest of my life.”

When typhoon Yolanda struck Samar and Leyte in 2013, the White Russians sent help to the devastated town of Guiuan.

"The Influence of Filipina Women": Pilar Hidalgo's high school valedictory address a century ago

In June 1905, one year before Pilar Hidalgo enrolled as a freshman at the Manila High School, Concepcion Felix de Calderon formed the Asociacion Feminista Filipina, the first women's association in the Philippines.  Both of them would later be the leading figures in the women's suffragist movement in the country when Miss Hidalgo was already Mrs Hidalgo-Lim and was the president of the National Federation of Women’s Clubs.

In June 1906, the Manila High School--originally the Escuela Municipal de Manila during the Spanish regime--opened as the first secondary school under the American system of public instruction.  In its first year, there were 60 students, not all of them freshmen since 25 of them would be graduating three years later in 1909, its first batch of alumni. 

Pilar Hidalgo could have been one of the freshmen because four years later in 1910, she would be graduating as valedictorian of her class, the second batch of Manila High School graduates.  Her teachers were Americans, 13 of them in 1907, and 9 in 1910, according to the the reports of the Municipal Board of Manila for those fiscal years.

She was seventeen when she went up the stage to deliver her valedictory address "The Influence of Filipina Women" on a Monday, April 1,1910. 

The graduation exercises could have been held at the Manila Opera House where the first batch of 25 graduates had theirs in the morning of April 3, 1909.  

A high government official could have been the "speaker of the day" of Class 1910 just like that of Class 1909 which had Hon. Leon Ma. Guerero, a member of the Philippine Assembly from Bulakan and the Chairman of the Committee of Public Instruction.  

We did not find any details about Class 1910's graduation exercises, except Miss Hidalgo's valedictory address, but some of her classmates could also have delivered speeches.  Class 1909 had five members speaking during their program like Manuel Arguelles who delivered the salutatory address, Aurelio Torres who spoke on "Opportunities of Youth", and Marceliano Montemayor who talked about "Survival of the Fittest".   

It's well known that Manuel A. Roxas completed his studies at the Manila High School in 1910 after going to the public school in Capiz and studying in Hongkong for a year.  Thus, he and Pilar Hidalgo were batchmates.

In the junior class was Elpidio Quirino who started his secondary education at the Vigan High School. He enrolled at the Manila High School in 1908 and graduated in 1911.  Thus, he belonged to the third batch of that school's graduates.  

Roxas and Quirino knew each other then from high school; they captained the rival debating teams in Manila High

Pilar Hidalgo could not have been into debates but she could have been a very eloquent speaker even when she was still in her sophomore year.  She was a member of the literary society.  Sometime in the last quarter of 1907, that society "gave a symposium on the subject of the Manila High School in four languages—Latin, English, German, and Spanish.  Pilar Hidalgo gave the Latin composition, Celedonio Estioko the English, Marcellano Montemayor the German and Aurelio Torres the Spanish”.  

On the evening of February 22, 1908, the Manila High School hosted its first annual reception with a literary program followed by a dance.  It was reported that the program featured, among others, "a recitation, which was splendidly executed by Miss Pilar Hidalgo".

The young woman of 1910 perhaps did not know, when she was expounding on the aspirations of the Filipina women, that the international women's movement was being conceived in America  This would be formally launched as International Women's Day in Denmark on March 8, 1911, it's centenary being celebrated this year. 

Pilar Hidalgo's "The Influence of Filipina Women" will be 101 years old this coming April.  A Class 2011 high school valedictorian can probably render an accounting of what the Filipina women had accomplished for the last 100 years, and raise the issues that they continue to fight for, after giving some time to listen to and ponder on Miss Hildalgo's thoughts --

The Influence of the Filipina Women

By Miss Pilar Hidalgo, Manila High School

"At this time when the influence of the Filipino woman is being felt in public life, when she is beginning to take her place in the world of activity, and to realize the important part she holds, I thought it a most fitting opportunity to speak about the extent of her influence.

"It is true history records no Filipina name such as that of Julia Ward Howe whose influence has been felt along so many lines of humanity that it is difficult to dwell on any one specially, but who stands out among modern women as a beacon-light guiding her sex to higher and nobler lives; nor have we a Florence Nightingale whose devotion to suffering mankind is recognized throughout the whole Christian world, and who because of her noble work during the Crimean War stands as the very personification of self-sacrifice;  nor do the pages of our literature record a George Eliot whose stories have left their beautiful influence on countless lives of English-speaking people;  neither do we find gracing our walls productions from the artistic brush of a Rosa Bonheur whose paintings have a place among the masterpieces of the world.  But each Filipina is a queen in her own home whose gentle sway the tendency for good will ever thrive.

"There is no nobler work than that of a gentle wife and a good mother.  For hundreds of years the Filipina’s energy and soul have been devoted to the home.  There her influence has been strongly felt and immensely appreciated.  Rizal’s poems, tender and sad dedicated to her mother, give full utterance to that appreciation which other less gifted than he have kept within their heart.  What an affection must he have felt for his mother when in the solitude of a country far from home he wrote,

'Sweet in one’s country it is to die,

Where e’en the sun greets from on high;

Dead are these tokens from above

To him without Mother, Country and Love'

"Times have changed; new fields of activity have been opened to women;  the home life no longer suffices;  ambition for a broader life has awakened in the bosoms of the Filipinas.

"I say it has awakened, because it has always been there though in a dormant state, pressed down by social conventions and hemmed in by mental bar[riers];  there are proofs of its existence in women who in spite of restrictions have given it an outlet.

"With pleasure I refer to the name of Margarita Roxas who donated the land and building so that the Concordia College might be established for the education of girls.  For two generations hundreds and hundreds of girls have entered that college and have gone out fitted to perform their duties.  Librada Avelino and Rosa Sevilla in their wish to uplift the minds of girls, founded the flourishing schools of Centro Escolar de Niñas and Instituto de Mujeres.  Petronila Sequia, seeing the pressing need of a hospital for cholera-striken people, willingly gave away her home just for the establishment of the Santiago Hospital from where men almost dead, have gone out, with hope and life renewed.

"And when some years ago the mortality of children in this city rose to alarming numbers, some thinking women saw that something had to be done to stop the merciless hand of Death.  They organized entertainments and raised subscriptions to found an institution having for its noble purpose the care of infants.  The people of Manila responded liberally to their call and the Proteccion de la Infancia came into existence.  At present, how many mothers owe the lives of their children to the able women in charge of this beneficent institution?  Its founders may well be satisfied with their work.  Nor have women been entirely wanting in the business world.

"The jewelry trade of the district of Sta. Cruz and the sinamay cloth industry whose market is principally in Binondo, have been entirely managed by women.

"Are these not convincing proofs of the ambition and ability of Filipina women? Are they not true testimonies that there is something great in them, considering the limited sphere in which they were permitted to work?  May we not hope from them greater accomplishments now that the most favourable circumstances surround them?  Yes, we may hope, and I am confident that there will be no disappointment.

"The barriers that were formerly raised against the education of women have been entirely removed; and instructions in all branches of learning has [sic] been extended to all ranks of female society.  The Filipinas are taking advantage of every opportunity offered to them to acquire knowledge.  Now that their minds are permitted to develop in the precincts and purposes are budding in their hearts.  [sic]

"At present, many girls are attending school, working and reciting with boys.  Their ability in the classroom compares well with the boys.  By perseverance, they make up for the possible lack of mental quickness characteristic of the boy’s mind, the only one permitted to develop for centuries.  They are preparing themselves carefully to be teachers, nurses, pharmacists, doctors, lawyers and good mothers.

"When the present generation of girls goes out into the world their influence will be felt far and wide not suddenly, perhaps, but by degrees.

"The teacher within the walls of her classroom will not only inculcate in her pupils the knowledge contained in the books but will also instill in their minds that love for work and punctuality in duty so necessary for wordly [sic] success.

"To-day we see hundreds and hundreds of poor families living in filthy low houses where the sunshine, that purifier of nature, hardly penetrates, where the damp, stifling air remains from day to day finding no escape through the closed windows, where one child after another dies for lack of good care. This is the great field of work for women nurses, pharmacists and doctors.

"Filipina girls, a voice is calling us to the assistance of the poor, to the mission of spreading among the destitutes of fortune the doctrine of good honorable living.  Let us respond to it and we shall find a noble life-work to do.

"The coming generation greatly depends upon the youth of the present one.  A great part of this responsibility weigh upon the girls.  Do you realize the weight of this responsibility?  Do you realize that weak mothers can not have strong intelligent children?  The importance of physical culture has never been rightly estimated by the women of this country.  If we want a strong race of Filipinos, if we want wise and intelligent citizens to make and obey better law, if we want vigorous and energetic men to cultivate and improve our material resources we must recognize the importance of physical exercise and l]]ay stress upon its fulfilment, because without health there can be neither happiness nor success.  Let us develop our bodies as well as our minds to as great a degree as possible so that if ever the cares of a home devolve upon us we shall be a source of help, comfort and happiness.

"Since our happy youth opens in an age which offers us all the opportunities of learning and renders ]accessible every field of activity hitherto closed to us, let us enter into the world with noble aims, let us strive and work with zeal and interest so that our influence will be felt not in the home alone but in the outside world as well;  that history may not say that we remain sleeping in the midst of the general awakening;  that its pages may record the names of some of us for having contributed to the welfare of our country in particular and of humanity in general.

"Teachers:  To you we owe the joy that we now feel;  to you we are indebted for the ability we now possess to pursue any course in life whether of study or of work;  under your able guidance we have acquired learning which will be of great and permanent value to us.  We are about to separate; we will travel on different highways, each of us where ambition points the way.  But before leaving you we wish to express to you our sincere appreciation and deep gratitude for your untiring interest and hard labours  Farewell teachers, farewell to you.

"To you under graduates [sic] who are to remain we bid adieu with the wish that you will work to keep up that school spirit which has won for the Manila High School cups, laurels and fame, and with the hope that some day each of you will receive with joy a diploma of your own.

"Classmates:  to-day for the last time we meet as a group of students.  Our duties to families and our country demand this separation and oblige us to face the responsibilities of life.  This is a crucial time in our lives.  When after our minds and bodies have rested from toil, we select the courses we shall pursue, let the selection be ruled by a purpose noble and pure; and the selection is made let us begin the journey with our class motto “Excelsior” engraved on our hearts.

"And now after wishing one another success and happiness after giving our alma mater our oath of loyalty, we say good  bye to our dear school and farewell to each other."

In the next school year, she enrolled at the University of the Philippines.  She was one of the 127 freshmen at the Junior College of the College of Liberal Arts, which included Maximo Kalaw (Law), Vicente Lava (Preparatory Engineering), Bienvenido Tan (Law), and Vidal Tan (Preparatory Engineering).

There were twelve--including Vicente Lava and Vidal Tan--who graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from that College in 1913; she was the only one who graduated with honors. 

She joined the mathematics faculty (there were just three of them, and two were Americans) of both the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Engineering as an instructor. Miss Hidalgo taught Mathematics 1 (Advanced Algebra), Math 2 (Advanced Algebra – Convergency and divergency of series), Math 3 (Solid Geometry), Math 4 (Plane Trigonometry), and Math 5 (Spherical Trigonometry).

Much has been written about Pilar Hidalgo--her achievements, and the honors she reaped not only for herself and her family, her country, and the Filipina women in particular--after she moved out of the University of the Philippines in 1917 and got married to West Pointer Vicente Lim also that year  until she passed away in 1973 at the age of 80.

We close this article with two incidents in the life of Pilar Hidalgo-Lim as woman activist culled from the News Summary sections of the Philippine Magazine of 1936 and 1937 as these are still issues confronting the Filipina women today.

1.  On women's right to vote:  “Sept. 30 [1936].-President Quezon signs the woman's suffrage plebiscite bill in the presence of a number of woman leaders, stating over the radio that in any democracy the women should be permitted to participate in the management of the government as a matter of political and social justice, it mattering little how the women will vote and whether they will exercise the right or not. "What matters is that they can use the ballot if they so choose in their desire to help run the government and take a part in choosing the men who guide public affairs." He warns provincial executives not to interfere if they do not sympathize with the women's political ambitions, stating it would be dangerous for men seeking public office to oppose woman suffrage. Mrs. Pilar Hidalgo Lim in a brief address states that the women do not desire to infringe on male rights and privileges, but only wish to collaborate better in the management of public affairs which go a long way to shape not only national but family and individual life. She declares that making a plebiscite conditional to the grant of woman suffrage is unfair, but that it is a challenge that women must resolve to meet, otherwise their cause is lost. ...”

2.   On reproductive health (it might not have been called that before World War 2):  "July 22 [1937].- ... Mayor Juan Posadas of Manila announces he will not permit Mrs. Margaret Sanger, expected to arrive in Manila in October, to lecture on birth-control except to audiences limited to scientific men. "I am strongly opposed to birth-control as both immoral and impractical, especially in the Philippines", he says. Mrs. Pilar Hidalgo Lim, President of the National Federation of Women's Clubs, recently wrote Mrs. Sanger that her organization would be "unable to cooperate with you for the spread of your movement in our country.... Our objective now is better babies and more intelligent parenthood."

Sources: 

1. Hidalgo, Pilar. (1910, April). The Influence of the Filipina Women. The Filipino teacher. 4(SPI):12-13.[Valedictory address delivered by its author at her graduation from the Manila High School, April 1, 1910.] Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AQX2411.0004.SPI.
2.  Lim, Laling H. (2008, Jan 06).  House on Vito Cruz:  Family's heritage to nation began here. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from  http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080106-1106/House_on_Vito_Cruz%3A_Family%92s_heritage_to_nation_began_here
3.  National Historical Institute. (n.d). Pilar Hidalgo-Lim (1893-1973)/Outstanding Woman Leader.  Retrieved from http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/fihgov0079.pdf
4. Annual Report of the Municipal Board of the City of Manila for Fiscal Year 1907. (1907).  Manila: Bureau of Printing.  Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aaf8875.1907.001
   
5. Annual Report of the Municipal Board of the City of Manila for Fiscal Year 1909. (1910).  Manila: Bureau of Printing.  Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aaf8875.1909.001 
6. Bulletin No. 2.  (1912). The University of the Philippines Catalogue 1911-12/Announcements 1912-1913.  Manila: Bureau of Printing. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/acc6284.0001.002  
7. Bulletin No. 4.  (1914). The University of the Philippines Catalogue 1913-14/Announcements 1914-1915.  Manila: Bureau of Printing. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/acc6284.0001.004  
8. Biographical Sketches of President Roxas, Vice-President Quirino, and Members of the Cabinet.  (1946, July).  The American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines Journal. 22(4):6. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqx2411.0002.009  
9. Ladea. (1909, March).  A Prominent Educator.  The Filipino Teacher. 2(9):6.  Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqx2411.0002.009 
10. Manila High School Notes. (1907, October).  Philippine Education. 4(5). Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aaf8875.1907.001  
11. Manila High School. (1909, April).  The Month in Review.  The Filipino Teacher.  2:10(10). Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqx2411.0002.010  
12. Department of News. (1908, February).  The Filipino Teacher. 1(11):12. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/xxxxx   
13. Month in Review, The. (1909, April).  Manila High School.  The Filipino Teacher.  2:10(10). Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqx2411.0002.01   
14. News Summary—The Philippines. (1936, November).  Philippine Magazine.  Manila: Philippine Education Company. 33(11):525. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/acd5869.0033.001 
15. News Summary—The Philippines. (1937, September).  Philippine Magazine.  Manila: Philippine Education Company. 34(9):384. Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/acd5869.0034.001 
16. Philippinensian,The. (1917).  University of the Philippines.  Retrieved from http://name.umdl.umich.edu/akd9353.0001.001 
17. Postcard Picture of the old Manila High School retrieved from http://carlospromulo.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ManilaHighSchool--510x320.jpg